This snippet returns TRUE or FALSE if an entity has a filled-in value on a entity reference on field_winner field.
A nice example of the Exists condition on entityQuery
/**
* Returns true if there is already a winner of one active contest.
*
* @return FALSE|TRUE
*/
public function contestHasWinner()
{
// Find a winner of at least one active contest
$count = \Drupal::entityQuery('contest')
->condition('status', 1)
->Exists('field_winner')
->count()
->execute();
return ($count > 0) ? TRUE : FALSE;
}